Essay on A1 Professional Discussion - 1152 Words

Professional Discussion 1 A 2.2 assess candidates performance against the agreed standards Q. How do you use observation of performance to demonstrate achievement of particular standards? * Observation is used to assess the competency of a candidate in performing physical tasks in a realistic working environment, usually the workplace. * To be competent, the candidate must show that he/she has the ability to carry out a task safely against the occupational standards of the relevant N.V.Q. element, and to satisfy the performance criteria. Q How do you ensure the environment for observing candidates is safe? * A Risk Assessment should be in place or be carried out before an observation takes place. * A decision†¦show more content†¦dealing with accidental damage. * Where some activities may need to be simulated e.g. dealing with accidents , fires etc. * Other methods such as written answers to set questions may be used to satisfy knowledge and understanding ( although this type of evidence cannot be assessed by an A2 assessor ) Q How do you identify which areas of knowledge have been covered by observation in the workplace? * Oral questions should be asked and recorded along with the candidates answers. * The question should be appropriate and matched to the performance criteria and standards it is aiming to satisfy i.e. must be relevant. * The particular performance criteria the candidates answer satisfies should also be noted. Q How would you collect additional evidence of knowledge which has not already been covered ? * Oral questioning may be asked at the end of the observed assessment to back up some performance criteria, and noted as above. * In some circumstances e.g. candidates who may have oral communication difficulties, written questions / answers may be more appropriate. Q How would you assess a candidates knowledge? * Oral questioning during and / or after direct observation. Assessed against performance criteria * Oral questioning assessed against knowledge evidence requirements, marked against suggested answers from awarding bodies orShow MoreRelatedEdpe341 A11711 Words   |  7 PagesAlex   Rabczak       What   is   quality   coaching   for   the   youth   athlete?       30th   March   2015       40%       1600   words       words          EWILLI42   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   220096362   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   EDPE341   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   A1    1    What   is   quality   coaching   for   the   youth?       Outline   why   quality   coaching   is   important   for   youths   involved   in   sport.       Quality    coaching    is    important    for    youthsRead MoreDifferent Definitions Of Gestalt And Holistic Essay1732 Words   |  7 Pagesremoved from reality - this is not based on my superiority as a seasoned business consultant but on the results of the business model building by the client. 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In it, two of the three all-blue head-to-toe-including-skin cast members separate themselves on stage by thirty feet. One of them tosses a marshmallow to the other, who catches it with his or her mouthRead MoreHow Can You Create Lessons that Foster Active, Intellectual Engagement of All Students?1018 Words   |  5 PagesA. Professional Development Need Professional development is needed in helping teachers plan lessons that foster active, intellectual engagement of all students. The essential question that will be answered during the professional development is: How can you create lessons that foster active, intellectual engagement of all students? A1. 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Ethical And Legal Aspects On Organ Transplantation Essay

Ethical And Legal Aspects On Organ Transplantation Recent reports of public figures receiving life-saving transplants have brought renewed attention to the scarcity of organs and the importance of organ transplants. Although more transplants are being performed in the United States each year the transplant waiting list continues to grow. It has been considered that the decrease in organ donors is due to the unsuccessful measures taken by health care professionals. This is a limited view of the matter because health care professionals are not directly responsible for the policies and other guidelines for procuring organs. The general population does not have the interest of suffering individuals at heart when it comes to donation.†¦show more content†¦I emphasize that policy cannot imply in any way that organs are given to those who have the great financial means; this would just not be morally or ethically right. The Internet provides the public with an abundance of references on organ transplantation. Given the strong emotional nature of the issue, the sites, whether they be individuals, organizations, or coalitions do not take positions on the ethical and legal aspects of organ transplantation. Instead, they provide considerable amount of information on the issue in an attempt to draw the reader to their implicit position on the issue. Reforming the entire legal framework in which organ transplantations occur is extremely complex. For instance, recommendations have been made to change allocation guidelines on likely prognosis, rather than the severity of illness and waiting time. It is considered that the change may result in the same number of organs saving more lives. It is probable that basing allocation guidelines on likely prognosis will result in disadvantaging the recipients belonging to the advance age group. This would be prejudicial to say the least. 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Angels Demons Chapter 39-41 Free Essays

39 The Apostolic Palace is a conglomeration of buildings located near the Sistine Chapel in the northeast corner of Vatican City. With a commanding view of St. Peter’s Square, the palace houses both the Papal Apartments and the Office of the Pope. We will write a custom essay sample on Angels Demons Chapter 39-41 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vittoria and Langdon followed in silence as Commander Olivetti led them down a long rococo corridor, the muscles in his neck pulsing with rage. After climbing three sets of stairs, they entered a wide, dimly lit hallway. Langdon could not believe the artwork on the walls – mint-condition busts, tapestries, friezes – works worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. Two-thirds of the way down the hall they passed an alabaster fountain. Olivetti turned left into an alcove and strode to one of the largest doors Langdon had ever seen. â€Å"Ufficio di Papa,† the commander declared, giving Vittoria an acrimonious scowl. Vittoria didn’t flinch. She reached over Olivetti and knocked loudly on the door. Office of the Pope, Langdon thought, having difficulty fathoming that he was standing outside one of the most sacred rooms in all of world religion. â€Å"Avanti!† someone called from within. When the door opened, Langdon had to shield his eyes. The sunlight was blinding. Slowly, the image before him came into focus. The Office of the Pope seemed more of a ballroom than an office. Red marble floors sprawled out in all directions to walls adorned with vivid frescoes. A colossal chandelier hung overhead, beyond which a bank of arched windows offered a stunning panorama of the sun-drenched St. Peter’s Square. My God, Langdon thought. This is a room with a view. At the far end of the hall, at a carved desk, a man sat writing furiously. â€Å"Avanti,† he called out again, setting down his pen and waving them over. Olivetti led the way, his gait military. â€Å"Signore,† he said apologetically. â€Å"No ho potuto – â€Å" The man cut him off. He stood and studied his two visitors. The camerlegno was nothing like the images of frail, beatific old men Langdon usually imagined roaming the Vatican. He wore no rosary beads or pendants. No heavy robes. He was dressed instead in a simple black cassock that seemed to amplify the solidity of his substantial frame. He looked to be in his late-thirties, indeed a child by Vatican standards. He had a surprisingly handsome face, a swirl of coarse brown hair, and almost radiant green eyes that shone as if they were somehow fueled by the mysteries of the universe. As the man drew nearer, though, Langdon saw in his eyes a profound exhaustion – like a soul who had been through the toughest fifteen days of his life. â€Å"I am Carlo Ventresca,† he said, his English perfect. â€Å"The late Pope’s camerlegno.† His voice was unpretentious and kind, with only the slightest hint of Italian inflection. â€Å"Vittoria Vetra,† she said, stepping forward and offering her hand. â€Å"Thank you for seeing us.† Olivetti twitched as the camerlegno shook Vittoria’s hand. â€Å"This is Robert Langdon,† Vittoria said. â€Å"A religious historian from Harvard University.† â€Å"Padre,† Langdon said, in his best Italian accent. He bowed his head as he extended his hand. â€Å"No, no,† the camerlegno insisted, lifting Langdon back up. â€Å"His Holiness’s office does not make me holy. I am merely a priest – a chamberlain serving in a time of need.† Langdon stood upright. â€Å"Please,† the camerlegno said, â€Å"everyone sit.† He arranged some chairs around his desk. Langdon and Vittoria sat. Olivetti apparently preferred to stand. The camerlegno seated himself at the desk, folded his hands, sighed, and eyed his visitors. â€Å"Signore,† Olivetti said. â€Å"The woman’s attire is my fault. I – â€Å" â€Å"Her attire is not what concerns me,† the camerlegno replied, sounding too exhausted to be bothered. â€Å"When the Vatican operator calls me a half hour before I begin conclave to tell me a woman is calling from your private office to warn me of some sort of major security threat of which I have not been informed, that concerns me.† Olivetti stood rigid, his back arched like a soldier under intense inspection. Langdon felt hypnotized by the camerlegno’s presence. Young and wearied as he was, the priest had the air of some mythical hero – radiating charisma and authority. â€Å"Signore,† Olivetti said, his tone apologetic but still unyielding. â€Å"You should not concern yourself with matters of security. You have other responsibilities.† â€Å"I am well aware of my other responsibilities. I am also aware that as direttore intermediario, I have a responsibility for the safety and well-being of everyone at this conclave. What is going on here?† â€Å"I have the situation under control.† â€Å"Apparently not.† â€Å"Father,† Langdon interrupted, taking out the crumpled fax and handing it to the camerlegno, â€Å"please.† Commander Olivetti stepped forward, trying to intervene. â€Å"Father, please do not trouble your thoughts with – â€Å" The camerlegno took the fax, ignoring Olivetti for a long moment. He looked at the image of the murdered Leonardo Vetra and drew a startled breath. â€Å"What is this?† â€Å"That is my father,† Vittoria said, her voice wavering. â€Å"He was a priest and a man of science. He was murdered last night.† The camerlegno’s face softened instantly. He looked up at her. â€Å"My dear child. I’m so sorry.† He crossed himself and looked again at the fax, his eyes seeming to pool with waves of abhorrence. â€Å"Who would†¦ and this burn on his†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The camerlegno paused, squinting closer at the image. â€Å"It says Illuminati,† Langdon said. â€Å"No doubt you are familiar with the name.† An odd look came across the camerlegno’s face. â€Å"I have heard the name, yes, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The Illuminati murdered Leonardo Vetra so they could steal a new technology he was – â€Å" â€Å"Signore,† Olivetti interjected. â€Å"This is absurd. The Illuminati? This is clearly some sort of elaborate hoax.† The camerlegno seemed to ponder Olivetti’s words. Then he turned and contemplated Langdon so fully that Langdon felt the air leave his lungs. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, I have spent my life in the Catholic Church. I am familiar with the Illuminati lore†¦ and the legend of the brandings. And yet I must warn you, I am a man of the present tense. Christianity has enough real enemies without resurrecting ghosts.† â€Å"The symbol is authentic,† Langdon said, a little too defensively he thought. He reached over and rotated the fax for the camerlegno. The camerlegno fell silent when he saw the symmetry. â€Å"Even modern computers,† Langdon added, â€Å"have been unable to forge a symmetrical ambigram of this word.† The camerlegno folded his hands and said nothing for a long time. â€Å"The Illuminati are dead,† he finally said. â€Å"Long ago. That is historical fact.† Langdon nodded. â€Å"Yesterday, I would have agreed with you.† â€Å"Yesterday?† â€Å"Before today’s chain of events. I believe the Illuminati have resurfaced to make good on an ancient pact.† â€Å"Forgive me. My history is rusty. What ancient pact is this?† Langdon took a deep breath. â€Å"The destruction of Vatican City.† â€Å"Destroy Vatican City?† The camerlegno looked less frightened than confused. â€Å"But that would be impossible.† Vittoria shook her head. â€Å"I’m afraid we have some more bad news.† 40 â€Å"Is this true?† the camerlegno demanded, looking amazed as he turned from Vittoria to Olivetti. â€Å"Signore,† Olivetti assured, â€Å"I’ll admit there is some sort of device here. It is visible on one of our security monitors, but as for Ms. Vetra’s claims as to the power of this substance, I cannot possibly – â€Å" â€Å"Wait a minute,† the camerlegno said. â€Å"You can see this thing?† â€Å"Yes, signore. On wireless camera #86.† â€Å"Then why haven’t you recovered it?† The camerlegno’s voice echoed anger now. â€Å"Very difficult, signore.† Olivetti stood straight as he explained the situation. The camerlegno listened, and Vittoria sensed his growing concern. â€Å"Are you certain it is inside Vatican City?† the camerlegno asked. â€Å"Maybe someone took the camera out and is transmitting from somewhere else.† â€Å"Impossible,† Olivetti said. â€Å"Our external walls are shielded electronically to protect our internal communications. This signal can only be coming from the inside or we would not be receiving it.† â€Å"And I assume,† he said, â€Å"that you are now looking for this missing camera with all available resources?† Olivetti shook his head. â€Å"No, signore. Locating that camera could take hundreds of man hours. We have a number of other security concerns at the moment, and with all due respect to Ms. Vetra, this droplet she talks about is very small. It could not possibly be as explosive as she claims.† Vittoria’s patience evaporated. â€Å"That droplet is enough to level Vatican City! Did you even listen to a word I told you?† â€Å"Ma’am,† Olivetti said, his voice like steel, â€Å"my experience with explosives is extensive.† â€Å"Your experience is obsolete,† she fired back, equally tough. â€Å"Despite my attire, which I realize you find troublesome, I am a senior level physicist at the world’s most advanced subatomic research facility. I personally designed the antimatter trap that is keeping that sample from annihilating right now. And I am warning you that unless you find that canister in the next six hours, your guards will have nothing to protect for the next century but a big hole in the ground.† Olivetti wheeled to the camerlegno, his insect eyes flashing rage. â€Å"Signore, I cannot in good conscience allow this to go any further. Your time is being wasted by pranksters. The Illuminati? A droplet that will destroy us all?† â€Å"Basta,† the camerlegno declared. He spoke the word quietly and yet it seemed to echo across the chamber. Then there was silence. He continued in a whisper. â€Å"Dangerous or not, Illuminati or no Illuminati, whatever this thing is, it most certainly should not be inside Vatican City†¦ no less on the eve of the conclave. I want it found and removed. Organize a search immediately.† Olivetti persisted. â€Å"Signore, even if we used all the guards to search the complex, it could take days to find this camera. Also, after speaking to Ms. Vetra, I had one of my guards consult our most advanced ballistics guide for any mention of this substance called antimatter. I found no mention of it anywhere. Nothing.† Pompous ass, Vittoria thought. A ballistics guide? Did you try an encyclopedia? Under A! Olivetti was still talking. â€Å"Signore, if you are suggesting we make a naked-eye search of the entirety of Vatican City then I must object.† â€Å"Commander.† The camerlegno’s voice simmered with rage. â€Å"May I remind you that when you address me, you are addressing this office. I realize you do not take my position seriously – nonetheless, by law, I am in charge. If I am not mistaken, the cardinals are now safely within the Sistine Chapel, and your security concerns are at a minimum until the conclave breaks. I do not understand why you are hesitant to look for this device. If I did not know better it would appear that you are causing this conclave intentional danger.† Olivetti looked scornful. â€Å"How dare you! I have served your Pope for twelve years! And the Pope before that for fourteen years! Since 1438 the Swiss Guard have – â€Å" The walkie-talkie on Olivetti’s belt squawked loudly, cutting him off. â€Å"Comandante?† Olivetti snatched it up and pressed the transmitter. â€Å"Sto ocupato! Cosa voi!† â€Å"Scusi,† the Swiss Guard on the radio said. â€Å"Communications here. I thought you would want to be informed that we have received a bomb threat.† Olivetti could not have looked less interested. â€Å"So handle it! Run the usual trace, and write it up.† â€Å"We did, sir, but the caller†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The guard paused. â€Å"I would not trouble you, commander, except that he mentioned the substance you just asked me to research. Antimatter.† Everyone in the room exchanged stunned looks. â€Å"He mentioned what?† Olivetti stammered. â€Å"Antimatter, sir. While we were trying to run a trace, I did some additional research on his claim. The information on antimatter is†¦ well, frankly, it’s quite troubling.† â€Å"I thought you said the ballistics guide showed no mention of it.† â€Å"I found it on-line.† Alleluia, Vittoria thought. â€Å"The substance appears to be quite explosive,† the guard said. â€Å"It’s hard to imagine this information is accurate but it says here that pound for pound antimatter carries about a hundred times more payload than a nuclear warhead.† Olivetti slumped. It was like watching a mountain crumble. Vittoria’s feeling of triumph was erased by the look of horror on the camerlegno’s face. â€Å"Did you trace the call?† Olivetti stammered. â€Å"No luck. Cellular with heavy encryption. The SAT lines are interfused, so triangulation is out. The IF signature suggests he’s somewhere in Rome, but there’s really no way to trace him.† â€Å"Did he make demands?† Olivetti said, his voice quiet. â€Å"No, sir. Just warned us that there is antimatter hidden inside the complex. He seemed surprised I didn’t know. Asked me if I’d seen it yet. You’d asked me about antimatter, so I decided to advise you.† â€Å"You did the right thing,† Olivetti said. â€Å"I’ll be down in a minute. Alert me immediately if he calls back.† There was a moment of silence on the walkie-talkie. â€Å"The caller is still on the line, sir.† Olivetti looked like he’d just been electrocuted. â€Å"The line is open?† â€Å"Yes, sir. We’ve been trying to trace him for ten minutes, getting nothing but splayed ferreting. He must know we can’t touch him because he refuses to hang up until he speaks to the camerlegno.† â€Å"Patch him through,† the camerlegno commanded. â€Å"Now!† Olivetti wheeled. â€Å"Father, no. A trained Swiss Guard negotiator is much better suited to handle this.† â€Å"Now!† Olivetti gave the order. A moment later, the phone on Camerlegno Ventresca’s desk began to ring. The camerlegno rammed his finger down on the speaker-phone button. â€Å"Who in the name of God do you think you are?† 41 The voice emanating from the camerlegno’s speaker phone was metallic and cold, laced with arrogance. Everyone in the room listened. Langdon tried to place the accent. Middle Eastern, perhaps? â€Å"I am a messenger of an ancient brotherhood,† the voice announced in an alien cadence. â€Å"A brotherhood you have wronged for centuries. I am a messenger of the Illuminati.† Langdon felt his muscles tighten, the last shreds of doubt withering away. For an instant he felt the familiar collision of thrill, privilege, and dead fear that he had experienced when he first saw the ambigram this morning. â€Å"What do you want?† the camerlegno demanded. â€Å"I represent men of science. Men who like yourselves are searching for the answers. Answers to man’s destiny, his purpose, his creator.† â€Å"Whoever you are,† the camerlegno said, â€Å"I – â€Å" â€Å"Silenzio. You will do better to listen. For two millennia your church has dominated the quest for truth. You have crushed your opposition with lies and prophesies of doom. You have manipulated the truth to serve your needs, murdering those whose discoveries did not serve your politics. Are you surprised you are the target of enlightened men from around the globe?† â€Å"Enlightened men do not resort to blackmail to further their causes.† â€Å"Blackmail?† The caller laughed. â€Å"This is not blackmail. We have no demands. The abolition of the Vatican is nonnegotiable. We have waited four hundred years for this day. At midnight, your city will be destroyed. There is nothing you can do.† Olivetti stormed toward the speaker phone. â€Å"Access to this city is impossible! You could not possibly have planted explosives in here!† â€Å"You speak with the ignorant devotion of a Swiss Guard. Perhaps even an officer? Surely you are aware that for centuries the Illuminati have infiltrated elitist organizations across the globe. Do you really believe the Vatican is immune?† Jesus, Langdon thought, they’ve got someone on the inside. It was no secret that infiltration was the Illuminati trademark of power. They had infiltrated the Masons, major banking networks, government bodies. In fact, Churchill had once told reporters that if English spies had infiltrated the Nazis to the degree the Illuminati had infiltrated English Parliament, the war would have been over in one month. â€Å"A transparent bluff,† Olivetti snapped. â€Å"Your influence cannot possibly extend so far.† â€Å"Why? Because your Swiss Guards are vigilant? Because they watch every corner of your private world? How about the Swiss Guards themselves? Are they not men? Do you truly believe they stake their lives on a fable about a man who walks on water? Ask yourself how else the canister could have entered your city. Or how four of your most precious assets could have disappeared this afternoon.† â€Å"Our assets?† Olivetti scowled. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"One, two, three, four. You haven’t missed them by now?† â€Å"What the hell are you talk – † Olivetti stopped short, his eyes rocketing wide as though he’d just been punched in the gut. â€Å"Light dawns,† the caller said. â€Å"Shall I read their names?† â€Å"What’s going on?† the camerlegno said, looking bewildered. The caller laughed. â€Å"Your officer has not yet informed you? How sinful. No surprise. Such pride. I imagine the disgrace of telling you the truth†¦ that four cardinals he had sworn to protect seem to have disappeared†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Olivetti erupted. â€Å"Where did you get this information!† â€Å"Camerlegno,† the caller gloated, â€Å"ask your commander if all your cardinals are present in the Sistine Chapel.† The camerlegno turned to Olivetti, his green eyes demanding an explanation. â€Å"Signore,† Olivetti whispered in the camerlegno’s ear, â€Å"it is true that four of our cardinals have not yet reported to the Sistine Chapel, but there is no need for alarm. Every one of them checked into the residence hall this morning, so we know they are safely inside Vatican City. You yourself had tea with them only hours ago. They are simply late for the fellowship preceding conclave. We are searching, but I’m sure they just lost track of time and are still out enjoying the grounds.† â€Å"Enjoying the grounds?† The calm departed from the camerlegno’s voice. â€Å"They were due in the chapel over an hour ago!† Langdon shot Vittoria a look of amazement. Missing cardinals? So that’s what they were looking for downstairs? â€Å"Our inventory,† the caller said, â€Å"you will find quite convincing. There is Cardinal Lamasse from Paris, Cardinal Guidera from Barcelona, Cardinal Ebner from Frankfurt†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Olivetti seemed to shrink smaller and smaller after each name was read. The caller paused, as though taking special pleasure in the final name. â€Å"And from Italy†¦ Cardinal Baggia.† The camerlegno loosened like a tall ship that had just run sheets first into a dead calm. His frock billowed, and he collapsed in his chair. â€Å"I preferiti,† he whispered. â€Å"The four favorites†¦ including Baggia†¦ the most likely successor as Supreme Pontiff†¦ how is it possible?† Langdon had read enough about modern papal elections to understand the look of desperation on the camerlegno’s face. Although technically any cardinal under eighty years old could become Pope, only a very few had the respect necessary to command a two-thirds majority in the ferociously partisan balloting procedure. They were known as the preferiti. And they were all gone. Sweat dripped from the camerlegno’s brow. â€Å"What do you intend with these men?† â€Å"What do you think I intend? I am a descendant of the Hassassin.† Langdon felt a shiver. He knew the name well. The church had made some deadly enemies through the years – the Hassassin, the Knights Templar, armies that had been either hunted by the Vatican or betrayed by them. â€Å"Let the cardinals go,† the camerlegno said. â€Å"Isn’t threatening to destroy the City of God enough?† â€Å"Forget your four cardinals. They are lost to you. Be assured their deaths will be remembered though†¦ by millions. Every martyr’s dream. I will make them media luminaries. One by one. By midnight the Illuminati will have everyone’s attention. Why change the world if the world is not watching? Public killings have an intoxicating horror about them, don’t they? You proved that long ago†¦ the inquisition, the torture of the Knights Templar, the Crusades.† He paused. â€Å"And of course, la purga.† The camerlegno was silent. â€Å"Do you not recall la purga?† the caller asked. â€Å"Of course not, you are a child. Priests are poor historians, anyway. Perhaps because their history shames them?† â€Å"La purga,† Langdon heard himself say. â€Å"Sixteen sixty-eight. The church branded four Illuminati scientists with the symbol of the cross. To purge their sins.† â€Å"Who is speaking?† the voice demanded, sounding more intrigued than concerned. â€Å"Who else is there?† Langdon felt shaky. â€Å"My name is not important,† he said, trying to keep his voice from wavering. Speaking to a living Illuminatus was disorienting for him†¦ like speaking to George Washington. â€Å"I am an academic who has studied the history of your brotherhood.† â€Å"Superb,† the voice replied. â€Å"I am pleased there are still those alive who remember the crimes against us.† â€Å"Most of us think you are dead.† â€Å"A misconception the brotherhood has worked hard to promote. What else do you know of la purga?† Langdon hesitated. What else do I know? That this whole situation is insanity, that’s what I know! â€Å"After the brandings, the scientists were murdered, and their bodies were dropped in public locations around Rome as a warning to other scientists not to join the Illuminati.† â€Å"Yes. So we shall do the same. Quid pro quo. Consider it symbolic retribution for our slain brothers. Your four cardinals will die, one every hour starting at eight. By midnight the whole world will be enthralled.† Langdon moved toward the phone. â€Å"You actually intend to brand and kill these four men?† â€Å"History repeats itself, does it not? Of course, we will be more elegant and bold than the church was. They killed privately, dropping bodies when no one was looking. It seems so cowardly.† â€Å"What are you saying?† Langdon asked. â€Å"That you are going to brand and kill these men in public?† â€Å"Very good. Although it depends what you consider public. I realize not many people go to church anymore.† Langdon did a double take. â€Å"You’re going to kill them in churches?† â€Å"A gesture of kindness. Enabling God to command their souls to heaven more expeditiously. It seems only right. Of course the press will enjoy it too, I imagine.† â€Å"You’re bluffing,† Olivetti said, the cool back in his voice. â€Å"You cannot kill a man in a church and expect to get away with it.† â€Å"Bluffing? We move among your Swiss Guard like ghosts, remove four of your cardinals from within your walls, plant a deadly explosive at the heart of your most sacred shrine, and you think this is a bluff? As the killings occur and the victims are found, the media will swarm. By midnight the world will know the Illuminati cause.† â€Å"And if we stake guards in every church?† Olivetti said. The caller laughed. â€Å"I fear the prolific nature of your religion will make that a trying task. Have you not counted lately? There are over four hundred Catholic churches in Rome. Cathedrals, chapels, tabernacles, abbeys, monasteries, convents, parochial schools†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Olivetti’s face remained hard. â€Å"In ninety minutes it begins,† the caller said with a note of finality. â€Å"One an hour. A mathematical progression of death. Now I must go.† â€Å"Wait!† Langdon demanded. â€Å"Tell me about the brands you intend to use on these men.† The killer sounded amused. â€Å"I suspect you know what the brands will be already. Or perhaps you are a skeptic? You will see them soon enough. Proof the ancient legends are true.† Langdon felt light-headed. He knew exactly what the man was claiming. Langdon pictured the brand on Leonardo Vetra’s chest. Illuminati folklore spoke of five brands in all. Four brands are left, Langdon thought, and four missing cardinals. â€Å"I am sworn,† the camerlegno said, â€Å"to bring a new Pope tonight. Sworn by God.† â€Å"Camerlegno,† the caller said, â€Å"the world does not need a new Pope. After midnight he will have nothing to rule over but a pile of rubble. The Catholic Church is finished. Your run on earth is done.† Silence hung. The camerlegno looked sincerely sad. â€Å"You are misguided. A church is more than mortar and stone. You cannot simply erase two thousand years of faith†¦ any faith. You cannot crush faith simply by removing its earthly manifestations. The Catholic Church will continue with or without Vatican City.† â€Å"A noble lie. But a lie all the same. We both know the truth. Tell me, why is Vatican City a walled citadel?† â€Å"Men of God live in a dangerous world,† the camerlegno said. â€Å"How young are you? The Vatican is a fortress because the Catholic Church holds half of its equity inside its walls – rare paintings, sculpture, devalued jewels, priceless books†¦ then there is the gold bullion and the real estate deeds inside the Vatican Bank vaults. Inside estimates put the raw value of Vatican City at 48.5 billion dollars. Quite a nest egg you’re sitting on. Tomorrow it will be ash. Liquidated assets as it were. You will be bankrupt. Not even men of cloth can work for nothing.† The accuracy of the statement seemed to be reflected in Olivetti’s and the camerlegno’s shell-shocked looks. Langdon wasn’t sure what was more amazing, that the Catholic Church had that kind of money, or that the Illuminati somehow knew about it. The camerlegno sighed heavily. â€Å"Faith, not money, is the backbone of this church.† â€Å"More lies,† the caller said. â€Å"Last year you spent 183 million dollars trying to support your struggling dioceses worldwide. Church attendance is at an all-time low – down forty-six percent in the last decade. Donations are half what they were only seven years ago. Fewer and fewer men are entering the seminary. Although you will not admit it, your church is dying. Consider this a chance to go out with a bang.† Olivetti stepped forward. He seemed less combative now, as if he now sensed the reality facing him. He looked like a man searching for an out. Any out. â€Å"And what if some of that bullion went to fund your cause?† â€Å"Do not insult us both.† â€Å"We have money.† â€Å"As do we. More than you can fathom.† Langdon flashed on the alleged Illuminati fortunes, the ancient wealth of the Bavarian stone masons, the Rothschilds, the Bilderbergers, the legendary Illuminati Diamond. â€Å"I preferiti,† the camerlegno said, changing the subject. His voice was pleading. â€Å"Spare them. They are old. They – â€Å" â€Å"They are virgin sacrifices.† The caller laughed. â€Å"Tell me, do you think they are really virgins? Will the little lambs squeal when they die? Sacrifici vergini nell’ altare di scienza.† The camerlegno was silent for a long time. â€Å"They are men of faith,† he finally said. â€Å"They do not fear death.† The caller sneered. â€Å"Leonardo Vetra was a man of faith, and yet I saw fear in his eyes last night. A fear I removed.† Vittoria, who had been silent, was suddenly airborne, her body taut with hatred. â€Å"Asino! He was my father!† A cackle echoed from the speaker. â€Å"Your father? What is this? Vetra has a daughter? You should know your father whimpered like a child at the end. Pitiful really. A pathetic man.† Vittoria reeled as if knocked backward by the words. Langdon reached for her, but she regained her balance and fixed her dark eyes on the phone. â€Å"I swear on my life, before this night is over, I will find you.† Her voice sharpened like a laser. â€Å"And when I do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The caller laughed coarsely. â€Å"A woman of spirit. I am aroused. Perhaps before this night is over, I will find you. And when I do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The words hung like a blade. Then he was gone. How to cite Angels Demons Chapter 39-41, Essay examples

Kfc Vietnam free essay sample

Company Profile and History Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), founded by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1930, has developed to become one of the largest fast-food chicken operator and franchiser round the world with more than a billion finger lickin good. In 1966, it went public and was acquired by PepsiCo, Inc. In 1997, PepsiCo spun-off of its quick service restaurants including KFC into an independent restaurant company, Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc (KFC Vietnam 2008). The company now was known as Yum! Brands Inc which included all the restaurants: AW Restaurants, Long John Silvers, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell. KFC has more than 11,000 restaurants operating in more than 80 countries and territories in the world. Today it is one of the most famous and strongest brand names in the fast food market (Entrepreneur Media 2009). In 1997, KFC restaurants opened its first outlet in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam. Today, due to the trend of the busy life style and the increase in earnings of people in big cities like Ho Chi Minh City, KFC Vietnam franchise expanded its network so far to 75 restaurants with 47 outlets in Ho Chi Minh City, 15 outlets in Hanoi and others in many Vietnamese provinces (KFC Viet Nam 2008). Company officials considered Vietnam as a potential growth market in fast food industry. KFCs goal is to secure its position as a market leader and increase the market share in Vietnam. 2. Current Market Situation This section presents relevant background data on the current Vietnamese macro- environment. Political Factors After the Join of Vietnam to the WTO, Vietnams new commercial franchising law provided for a legal regulatory climate conductive to the franchising sector. The government policy encouraged the opening up of foreign franchises which are expected to grow. With an annual growth of 30 percent in recent years, franchising showed great potential as a form of business in Vietnam (U. S Commercial Service 2009a). The stability and safety in politic environment was the key success for KFC Vietnam to grow expands its business and become the market leader in Vietnams fast food industry. Economic Factors In recent years, Vietnams economic growth rate has annually increased at 7 to 8. 5 percent and has been one of the highest in the world. With the estimated increase in GDP 6. 5 percents in 2009, Vietnam is considered to be a true emerging market for U. S investors. In respond to face the high inflation rate, Vietnamese government implemented a monetary tighten measures to stabilize the Vietnamese Dong, cutting government expenditures in order to slow inflation (U. S Commercial Service 2009a). According to the market research company Nielsen estimated the fast food industry in Vietnam could grow by 40 percents and generate VND500 billion (Tuoi Tre 2009). With advantages on economic environment, KFC Vietnam has many opportunities to develop its market share, increase profits and expand number of restaurants to 80 (ITPC 2008). ocio-cultural Factors Due to the rise of fast food in Vietnam and the change in eating habits of Vietnamese people, they were busier than ever before so they tended to eat fast food more often than traditional meals (Vietnamnet Bridge 2008). KFC always concerned about the ocial, cultural and ethical values of local community. Its restaurants had done product adaptation in order to suit local tastes, cultures and religion in Vietnam. This gave KFC an opportunity to grow and increase profits in Vietnamese market. Technology Factors KFC always support the work of research development in order to introduce the new technology. It used latest technology on machines and boilers with technical checkup and maintenance every six months. It made the cooking become faster to order and reduced the serving time. KFC Vietnam also use online website to provide ustomers another tool for ordering via phone. In the future, customers may also purchase KFC products and perform online transactions (KFC Vietnam 2008). 2. 2 Porters Five Forces Threat of new entrants (Strong) Recently, Vietnamese government has applied Commercial Law that encourages furniture etc. are not very high. Because the awareness of American franchise businesses is strong, many Vietnamese businesses interested in taking possession to operate American franchises (U. S Commercial Service 2009b). The Americans potential new entrants could enter Vietnamese market are McDonalds, Carls Jr, Burger King, Taco Bell, Subway and etc. Bargaining power of suppliers (Moderate) The suppliers in Vietnam had moderate bargaining power. KFC Vietnam took the supply of fresh and quality chicken meat from Thai-invested CP Viet Nam Livestock Company and Long Binh which is a Joint venture with France (CARD 2004). KFC started helping local suppliers with technological support to improve their product. The strong relations between KFC and local suppliers lowered supplier bargaining power. Bargaining power of buyers (Moderate) The bargaining power of buyers in Vietnam is moderate and they have varying egree. Individual buyers are less powerful because they purchase in small items. A buyer for occasion such as birthday party is stronger with the demand for more service and additional promotion like invitation card and discount price. Threat of substitute (Strong) Substitute competitors of KFC are all small restaurants that offer food service. The threat is strong with the variety in kinds and traditional Vietnamese taste such as Pho Hoa or Com Tam Moc. KFC needs to lower this threat by enhancing its promotion in order to popularize products so that the consumer will purchase KFC rather than ther substitute products. Competitive Rivalry (Moderate) Threat of direct competitors is moderate because KFC is the market leader in Vietnam with 75 restaurants. There are two main competitors: Lotteria and Jollibee (KFC Vietnam 2008). The threat may rise in 2010 because Lotteria will increase their restaurants to 80 outlets. Regarding to this competition, KFC also plans to growth total restaurant to 100 units and recently enhances their service by cutting short its delivery time to less than 30 minutes (Look At Vietnam 2008). 2. 3 Competitor Analysis Direct competitors: Lotteria and Jollibee Indirect competitors: Pizza Inn, Kinh Do Bakery, Duc Phat Bakery, Tour Les Jour. 2. 4 Market Segmentation According to Kotler et al (2005), there are four variables which can be used to segment the consumer market.

Impact Of Cell Phones Usage English Language Essay Essay Example

Impact Of Cell Phones Usage English Language Essay Essay Cell phones adopted by immature coevals in recent twelvemonth, have become planetary phenomena around the universe. Therefore, with the outgrowth of this engineering about everyone has tried to follow these cell phones. We found in this research that cell phone use had a negative impact on pupils GPA. Students utilizing their cell phone during category, they besides having and directing text messages during their category so they were able to pay less attending to talk and therefore it had negative impact on pupils public presentation. Cardinal footings: Cell phones use, Academic public presentation, GPA Introduction Commercialization of cellular phone engineering has increased its usage in recent old ages. In Pakistan sum endorsers for cell phones till 12 September 2012 have reached to 120,513,430 ( Pakistan Telecommunication Authority ) . The acceptance of cell phones by immature coevals has been a planetary phenomenon in recent old ages. It has become an built-in portion of stripling s day-to-day life and has become one of the most popular signifiers of communicating. In today s universe about every pupil is holding cell phone in their pocket, clipped to a belt, or hidden in a brief instance or bag and knows perfect use of it. As engineering is turning every twenty-four hours at really fast rate, and is conveying positive and negative effects for society and so is with cell phone engineering that has brought both positive and negative effects. It is normally observed that these cell phones have besides become position symbol for young person and they have indulged themselves in the competition of holding best and most updated cell phone with maximal characteristics. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact Of Cell Phones Usage English Language Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Impact Of Cell Phones Usage English Language Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Impact Of Cell Phones Usage English Language Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Today s young person prefer cell phones more every bit compared to internet or any other societal activity. Young people ain cell phone and besides want to upgrade it every bit shortly as new theoretical account is launched in the market. Cell phones are that much involved in our life that the individual who own cell phone is tend to be thought socially connected, independent, modern and in demand by the society. One of the most used applications of cell phones by our immature coevals is text messaging and these cellular web companies have besides played a critical function in negatively impacting our immature coevals by presenting a figure of bundles for text messaging and calls besides. Students of today are maestro in fastest text messaging and are seen text messaging piece at place, at university, going, in schoolroom and specially while analyzing. Communication with fellow pupils, professors, parents, and everyone else is merely a click off. Most of the pupils use it for chew the fating with friends. This research paper explores the impact of cell phones` use on pupils academic public presentation. We examined the consequence of nomadic use on the classs among university pupils. Literature Review Cell phones and academic public presentation: The innovation of cell phone has brought radical alteration in the universe. And therefore bought alteration in the life style of people utilizing it including pupils. In 2005, the figure of cell phone endorsers worldwide will make 2 billion ( Deloitte Research, 2005 ) . And in Pakistan entire fixed phone endorser by December 2011 reached to merely 3,098,117, less than nomadic phone endorser that were 120,151,253 boulder clay December 2011 ( Pakistan Telecommunication Authority ) . Surveies have systematically shown that cell phone is used and loved more than telecasting or cyberspace by pupils, whether they are utilizing cyberspace or watching telecasting they are holding cell phone in their custodies. Through common observation we besides evaluated that pupils need to return to their place if they forget to take it with them. Therefore with the outgrowth of this engineering about everyone has tried to follow these cell phones and are addicted to its use that they think their work d one become hard without its services and they are unable to remain connected with their friends and household. The chief issue for instructors is the perturbation created in category room due to cell phone calls and texting. Uniting this with the easiness of concealing the device due to its little size, makes it really hard for instructors to command it. Students are excited to happen out that who has called and what the message is, immature people are loath to turn off their cell phone during category clip. Normally pupils kept their devices on during talks with themselves and besides sometimes bury to turn profile silent during category and its tintinnabulation create perturbation in category. Campbell ( 2006 ) found that pupils and module view the tintinnabulation of cell phone in category to be a serious job. It is clear that if pupils spend clip texting, they will non be able to pay attending to category talk, will non be able to understand the subject and will non be able to bring forth good consequence in category, this will hold impact on their class points. Through common observation it is observed that today pupils are busy with this engineering, spends 90 % of their clip with cell phones and do nt pay attending to their surveies. And if they pretend to their parents that they are analyzing in their room, they are really dodging their parents, it is such a little device that they can easy conceal them and lie with their parents. Students are seeking to do as many friends whether miss or male child as they can, maintaining themselves busy all twenty-four hours and dark, as these web companies for their ain net income have introduced a tonss of inexpensive bundles fo r call and messaging. All these activities in which pupils have engaged themselves in today s universe are pulverizing their present and future. After explicating negative facet there are some positive impact besides, it helps pupils to remain connected with their group members when assigned some group work from their instructor and can besides reach their instructors in clip of holding any trouble sing their assignments. In school it besides helps teacher to state their parents about any serious job happened to the pupils and besides helps teacher to text their parent if they are absent from school. Students are supposed to utilize nomadic phones whole dark texting their friends. It is interesting to observe that there are few common household regulations about immature people s usage of the cell phone. In fact, many striplings ( 58 % ) reported that there were no regulations set by their parents about their cell phone usage and merely 12 % reported that their parents used remotion of their cell phones from them as penalty ( Metthews, 2004 ) . Probably because of the kiping issue it has been found that parents have to take cell phone from their kids at dark while traveling to kip. Some reported that parents had to inquire their kids to halt utilizing phone at dark as so pupils are unable to wake up early in the forenoon for their university, school or college or they feel sleepy during category and make non pay proper attending. Along with academic public presentation cell phones have besides positively and negatively affected societal relationships. With the outgrowth of nomadic phones persons are able to remain connected with their friends, household and relatives populating abroad. In add-on to maintaining up with societal relationships, persons have besides been able to increase productiveness with their work because they can be 100s of stat mis off from the office, and still have instant entree to their e-mail, paperss and contacts wherever they are ( Tully, 2003 ) . A tendency that is going more evident is present absences ; this is the construct of how an person s presence in a societal scene alterations irrespective of their physical presence, they are merely half-present ( Fortunati 2008 ) . Persons go toing any meeting with their friends, coworkers, foreman or any type of societal activity, they leave that topographic point during conversation every bit shortly as their cell phone rings or vibrate. Even when sitting with their parents they do non waver to travel in front and reply the call without believing that this could ache them. Through observation, research workers have found that persons typically will non waver to disrupt an on-going conversation to reply the tintinnabulation of their cell phone. Cell phones have given a new manner to persons to organize new relationships and to beef up bing 1s. Teenss admitted passing about an equal sum of clip speaking as they do texting each month. The characteristic is so of import to them that if texting was no longer an option, 47 per centum of teens say their societal life would stop or be worsened particularly among females ( 54 per centum compared to 40 per centum of males ) ( CTIA Survey 2008 ) . Before the outgrowth of nomadic engineering, persons have regular interaction with one another. As they have really small telephonic contact with one another so they are used to see each other places on a regular basis. Even if any one of the household member is in infirmary, their loved 1s even if out of metropolis make a visit immediately or the following twenty-four hours but now with the outgrowth of cell phones people are supposed to merely inquire about their wellness on phone call with their cell phones. Cell phones besides create a factor of safety among parents. Parents feel satisfied if their kids are holding cell phone with them while traveling outside as they can reach them whenever they want. Even in the clip of exigency they can name them. Not merely parents can reach their kids in the clip of trouble but kids can besides reach them in exigencies. But kids besides sometime misapply this device by stating prevarication to their parents and making whatever they want to make outdoors, as their parents are satisfied with their prevarication. On the other side this device along with disadvantages has helped kids and parents both to remain in contact when outside their place. As everything in this universe have advantages and disadvantages both and it is upon us how we utilize it. Hypothesis Cell phones` use will hold a negative consequence on students` academic public presentation. Model Cell phone use Academic public presentation Methodology The information was collected by administering questionnaire to pupils of different universities in Pakistan with the ages runing between 18 and 30. A sample size of 150 pupils was taken in which 65 respondents were male and 85 respondents were female. The study consisted of 24 inquiries, including cell phone impacts on pupils academic public presentation and societal relationship. Multiple pick inquiries were asked. The dependability of the instrument was calculated by utilizing SPSS. The instrument was personally administered to the sample. Demographic information ( e.g. , age, gender, university, grade, GPA ) was besides collected. Consequences After successfully roll uping the informations through distributing questionnaires in different universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, we have inserted that informations in SPSS package informations sheet and run desired maps necessary to cognize that what impact does independent variable ( cell phone use ) have on dependant variable ( pupils academic public presentation ) . We have evaluated pupils academic public presentation by sing their Grade point average. From the correlativity consequences as shown in TABLE 1, we have find that cell phone use is holding negative impact on pupils GPA i.e. ( r= -0.303, P lt ; 0.01 ) . We besides come to cognize that age and GPA is besides negatively related with each other i.e. ( r= -0.154, P lt ; 0.01 ) . The Cronbach s Alpha dependability for this graduated table is 0.688. For ciphering Cronbach s Alpha we have besides reversed the graduated table of inquiry 2, 3 and 6. Table 1 Correlation Consequences M S.D 1 2 3 4 Age 21.487 1.8672 1 Gender 1.58 0.49521 -0.184* Cell phone use 3.267 0.4512 0.045 -0.149 1 GPA 1.9911 0.57583 -0.154 0.246** -0.303** 1 ** . Correlation is important at the 0.01 degree ( 2-tailed ) . * . Correlation is important at the 0.05 degree ( 2-tailed ) . Table 2 Arrested development Consequences Predictor Academic public presentation ( GPA ) I? I† Sig. Measure 1 Age -0.27 0.164 Gender 0.205 0.006 Measure 2 Age -0.26 0.167 Gender 0.169 0.020 Cell phone use -0.212 0.072 0.001 The tabular array 2 shows the arrested development consequence of dependant and independent variable. In measure 1 control variables i.e. age, gender is shown and in measure 2 independent variable i.e. cell phone use is shown. In horizontal line we have dependent variable i.e. academic public presentation measured utilizing pupils GPA. The fluctuation in pupils academic public presentation ( GPA ) due to cell phone use is 7.2 % . The impact of cell phones use on pupil academic public presentation is negative i.e. ( I? = -0.212 ) . This implies that the pupil whose use of cell phone is more is holding low GPA i.e. demoing hapless academic public presentation. Discussion In this research paper we have evaluated that what impact pupils cell phone use has on their academic public presentation by sing their GPA. Students age and gender is besides taken into history while running analysis utilizing SPSS. Cell phone use is taken as independent variable and pupils academic public presentation is taken as dependent variable. Questionnaires are given to be filled by pupils of different universities in Rawalpindi and Islamabad between the age of 18 and 30. The information collected is analyzed by utilizing SPSS package and evaluated the impact of cell phones use on pupils academic public presentation. The consequence shows that cell phones use is negatively impacting pupils academic public presentation. This means that the pupils who are utilizing cell phone more are holding low GPA. On inquiring inquiries on how much clip they spend on utilizing their cell phone and in how many categories they use cell phone, we have found that there is negative relationship of these two inquiries with pupils GPA. That is the pupils who are utilizing cell phone about 7-10 hours and those besides who use cell phone during their most of the categories are holding low GPA. On inquiring random inquiries we have found that one of the most used characteristic of cell phone is text messaging used by 67 % pupils ( female 37 % and male 30 % ) . Almost 81 % pupils ( female 46 % , male 35 % ) are utilizing standard text messages as compared to multimedia messages or other. 43 % pupils ( 31 % female and 13 % male ) say that they put their nomadic phone on soundless manner while go toing category. 35 % pupi ls ( 20 % female and 15 % male ) say that they on occasion receive or send text messages while the category was in session. 55 % pupils ( 35 % female and 20 % male ) agree on policy that Mobile should be kept by pupils but they should put it in quiver manner. 61 % pupils ( 40 % female, 21 % male ) say that they do non utilize dark bundles on their cell phone. 42 % pupils ( 23 % female, 19 % male ) say that they use twenty-four hours bundles on their cell phone. 67 % pupils ( 39 % female, 27 % male ) say that they spent 10 % of their pocket money on cell phones. 56 % pupils ( 32 % female, 24 % male ) say that they sometimes use their cell phone while making their assignments. As consequences show that those pupils who spend most of their clip on cell phone are accomplishing low GPA, which is in conformity with the literature and common observation. Students are utilizing their cell phone during category, they are besides having and directing text messages during their category so they will be able to pay less attending to talk and therefore it will hold negative impact on pupils public presentation. Some pupils are besides utilizing dark bundles on their cell phone which will do them unable to be attentive in their forenoon category or may be unable to go to the first category. It is better to trip missed call qui vive on their cell phone and put it off during category and when they will on it they will have message of all the calls they missed when the cell phone was away. In last reasoning all cell phone use is significantly impacting our young person who are misapplying this engineering, and therefore demoing hapless academic public presentation and p ulverizing their calling chances.

Frozen Embryos Who has legal rights essays

Frozen Embryos Who has legal rights essays Frozen Embryos, Who has legal rights? Invitro is defined as, In glass, as in a test tube(Tabers cyclopedic dictionary,1993), hence with reference to invitro fertilization, the term Test tube baby. The first test tube baby was Louise Brown of England (Jonsen, A. R., 1996). Dr. Patrick Steptoe and Professor Robert Edwards combined an ovum from Mrs. Brown, and sperm from Mr. Brown cultured it in a petri dish, and reimplanted the now embryo into Mrs. Browns uterus (Jonsen, A. R.,1996). The result was the same as a child born in the usual way, only the means to the end was different. The media had a field day with this, and since then, reproduction as we know it has changed. We now use the term assisted reproduction to describe a host of methods used to assist infertile couples to have children. A menagerie of large terms, abbreviations, and acronyms are used under the umbrella of this term, such as GIFT, IVF, FSH, AID, etc. The bottom line is that technology has allowed man to take yet another matter into his own hands, that may be considered playing God. As with any new procedure or product, there are always bugs to work out. Sometimes we can anticipate what these will be, but many times we cross that bridge when we come to it. Such seems to be the case with assisted reproduction. Considering the complicated custody battles already occurring with regard to our naturally made children, we have seen, and can anticipate more tangled legal webs ahead. Not much has been done to anticipate the complexities involved with assisted reproduction. In 1975, a federal law was enacted that created an Ethics Advisory Board (EAB)(Caplan, A. L., 1990). In 1979, this organization issued a report merely stating that invitro fertilization was worthy of monetary funds (Caplan, A. L., 1990). The EAB dis...

How the Battle of Saratoga Changed the Course of the War Research Paper

How the Battle of Saratoga Changed the Course of the War - Research Paper Example How the battle of Saratoga changed the course of the war The Battle of Saratoga changed the course of the war because it was the first main fight which proved that the Americans can win the revolution. First of all, the battle ignited revolutionary spirit among the American revolutionaries who fought for freedom. The battle proved that large army and navy cannot win a battle. Instead, revolutionary spirit and cohesion among the fighters can be helpful to win a battle like the Battle of Saratoga. Before the Battle of Saratoga, the scope of Americans to win the American Revolution and the American War of Independence was under doubt. One can easily identify that the defeat of the British colonizers during the American Revolution helped the Americans to gain confidence and fight for their ultimate freedom. The American victory in the Battle of Saratoga forced France to help the revolutionaries in America. Besides, other European nations like Spain and Holland followed the decision of Fr ance. â€Å"Many generations of American historians have referred to the two battles in Saratoga as the turning point of the American Revolution because they prompted France’s entry into the war (Starbuck 1999, 20).†1 Within this context, international support accelerated the revolutionary spirit of the Americans and it ultimately led to the victory in the American War of Independence. From a different angle of view, the Battle of Saratoga spread the spirit of nationalism and democracy. â€Å"The surrender of an entire British army and the capture of a large slash of military supplies, arms, and munitions came just at the critical juncture, right after General Howe had completed the takeover of Philadelphia, to boost sagging American morale (Morton 2003, 58).†2 For instance, the victory in the Battle of Saratoga eventually led American colonies to the victory in American Revolution. Besides, it led America to the American War of Independence and it ignited the s pirit of nationalism in France. For example, victory in the Battle of Saratoga and the American Revolution deeply influenced the French Revolution. From a different angle of view, the French intervention in the British colonies in America changed the course of the American War of Independence. For instance, France opened warfronts in British colonies other than America. This movement forced the British forces to give less importance to the revolution in America. Besides, it eventually led to the American victory in the revolution. To be specific, expanded war reduced the British victory in the war. The meeting between Benjamin Franklin (American representative) and Charles Gravier (say, the foreign minister in France) can be evaluated as a turning point in France’s support and involvement in the war. Charles Gravier’s opinion influenced Louis XIV and France decided to support America. In the year 1778, France intervened in the war between the British forces and the Ame rican colonies and it changed the course of the war. The British authorities considered the American colonies as an unending source of revenue. So they exerted heavy tax on the colonies. This infuriated the people in America and they decided to revolt against this injustice. General John Burgoyne’

Chronic and Communicable Diseases Research Paper

Chronic and Communicable Diseases - Research Paper Example Diseases bring problems to the body of a human being, as well as other animals. They affect the body processes from taking place in the normal way. From the infectious diseases perspective, vectors are the agents that transmit organisms that cause diseases (Beaty, 1996). These organisms are responsible for carrying pathogens to different hosts, as they feed or move from one animal to the other. Vectors fall under the category of invertebrate animals and this category of animals comprise the arthropods (Gubler, 1997). It is imperative to note that vertebrates can also act as vectors, which can transmit diseases as invertebrates. For instance, skunks, raccoons and foxes are among the vectors that transmit diseases, despite the fact that they are vertebrates. They can transmit the virus that causes rabies in human beings through a bite. Although the arthropods constitute the largest percentage of the unknown species of animals, they are the most significant disease vectors (Beaty, 1996). Vectors can have a direct or indirect effect on human health. The direct effect of vectors on human health results from tissue infestations, stings and bites from the vectors. On the other hand, the indirect effect results from transmission of organisms causing diseases. The most distinguished vectors of disease are the ticks and mosquitoes, but there are various genera of arthropods, which play a function in the disease of human (Lemon, 2008). Further, the most crucial mode that vectors utilize to transmit the vector-borne diseases is the biological transmission which entails the blood-feeding arthropods. The pathogen reproduces while it lives within the vector arthropod, and the pathogen is passed to the host as the vector feeds on blood from the host (Gubler, 1997). Furthermore, vectors can transmit diseases through mechanical transmission; they carry the disease-causing organisms on their body

Film Analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film Analysis - Research Paper Example Mario Puzo’s book was optioned from the first fifty pages written in a unilateral decision by the head of Paramount Studios. Many studio executives and technicians distanced themselves from the idea of making this film because the Kirk Douglas film â€Å"The Brotherhood† had failed so badly in 1970. Coppola saw that flop as an indicator that films based on Italian-Americans should not be cast with non Italian-Americans. â€Å"I liked the idea of starting the movie†¦with, ‘I believe in America,’ because it’s what the whole movie is about,† reflected Francis Ford Coppola. â€Å"It’s saying that our country should be our family in a way, that it should afford us the protection and the honour that, in a strange way, this Mafia family does.† (Hogg) So, Coppola set out to write a movie about a traditional Italian-American family, an organized crime family and the American family; all of these families with common tradition and his tory and, most importantly, the American dream as foundations. Production History Paramount sought Coppola to direct The Godfather based on his Italian heritage. The studio felt the product could be more realistic if someone from those traditions led the project. Considering Coppola was broke and in the process of being evicted, it surprised everyone when he turned down the project because he did not like the novel. (Hogg) George Lucas intervened and Coppola found something he liked: the idea of the metaphoric connection among social, business and national family identity and process. Michael was America. For studio purposes, Coppola needed to insert some gangster film symbols (Manchel 2003), but the theme is family. The first production battle involved setting. The original script was set in the 1960s and 1970s, with hippies. (Hogg) The story was based on 1945-1955 events within the crime family. Coppola fought for and won the additional budget for a period film instead of saving m oney with a contemporary setting. The production budget was quickly increasing from $2 million to $6.8 million. One reason the studio requested Coppola was the director’s thrift in production. The Coppola vision for The Godfather, however, was not inexpensive. Casting proved to be the next production obstacle. Coppola believed other films failed at the box office because moviegoers did not believe Kirk Douglas as an Italian crime boss. Coppola wanted Italian heritage actors. The studio wanted Robert Redford to play Michael. (Hogg) Finally, the studio assigned a crew to film The Godfather. Coppola fired almost everyone because of the corrupt, undermining studio politics among the disorganized and poor teamwork oriented studio employees. The studio thought Coppola would do as instructed since he, superficially, needed the money. The studio was incorrect, but ultimately rewarded for their difficulties with an $86 million gross in the first two months (1972 dollars). Coppola esta blished himself as the auteur director that he dreamed of becoming; however, this dream reduced his capacity to be a writer-director as he originally wanted. (Hogg) Artistic Importance â€Å"Coppola’s The Godfather, Part One is distinguished among other things by the number of scales or levels upon which it operates. In its combination of epic structure and highly individuated family melodrama, it is perhaps the American Film which most closely approximates the nineteenth-century

The Structure of the Kidney: Causes of Kidney Disease

The Structure of the Kidney: Causes of Kidney Disease The structure of the kidney The kidney is surrounded by the renal capsule and split into 3 sections, the medulla, the cortex and then the renal pelvis. Each kidney is supplied with oxygenated blood, by the renal artery and removes deoxygenated blood via the renal vein. Once the kidneys carry out their filtration mechanism, they empty their waste product, down the ureter. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and over a million of these are found within each kidney allowing it to carry out its function. Notice how it spans across the different kidney sections. (i) The juxtaglomerular apparatus is the main filtration of blood occurs in nephrons and this is where the glomerulus and Bowmans capsule interact. (ii) The mesengial cells are found closely associated with the filtration part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and their position links with their role in causing inflammation in glomeruli. (iii) The Podocytes are also found near glomerular capillaries and these may fuse together and influence the filtration of the glomerulus, causing Hodgkins disease. This disease is a type of swelling due to the diversion of accumulating products, which are not filtered and so deposited to other parts of the body. Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a type of kidney disease; where by filtration of the blood is disrupted. It is mainly associated with the glomeruli in the kidneys, becoming inflamed (NHS Choices 2009) and there can be different types of the disease which may be proliferative or non-proliferative. The main cause of the disease is not precisely known but, there are many possible explanations. The most common explanation for proliferative GN is due to an immune system response, where inflammatory cells like platelets or macrophages become trapped in the glomeruli (Couser 1999). Here they circulate and accumulate, initiating a mechanism that leads to inflammation of the glomeruli (Couser 1999). This is the mechanism for the most common form of proliferative GN, known as Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (DAmico 1987). This is when IgA proteins, which fight infections, build up within the glomeruli and therefore inflammation (Geeky Medics 2010). Another immune system response involves antibodies interacting with antigens, formed by the glomerular basement membrane, which can also trigger inflammation (Watson and Royle 1987). Another possible explanation for proliferative GN is infection-related, following invasion by bacteria of the Streptoccoci strain (Ryan and Ray 2004), which targets the skin or pharyngeal tissue (Watson and Royle 1987). This results in post-infectious GN which can also be associated with other infections like bacterial endocarditis or HIV (Mayo Clinic 2009). In addition, it is also suggested that vasculitic disorders, like Wegeners Granulomatosis can result in crescentic GN (Geeky Medics 2010) (Figure 4). Crescentic GM In Wegeners Granulomatosis, blood vessels become inflamed, having an effect on the filtration rate of the glomerulus and leads to the formation of crescent shaped scars. Non-proliferative GN can be idiopathic, such as membranous GN, or may just simply be genetically linked like focal segmental GN (Geeky Medics 2010). When looking at GN (mainly proliferative) we need to also consider the mesengial cells (Figure 3, ii). GN can be recognised by an increase in the number of mesengial cells and their intracellular contents (Churg 2006). They rapidly multiply, increasing the thickness of this layer and press against the glomerular capillaries (Churg 2006) (Figure 5). Histology of proliferative GN As the mesengial cells multiply, they increase in number and compress against the glomerular capillary and contribute towards the glomerulus increasing in circumference. Taken from (Churg 2006). In some cases, the mesengial cells may even invade the glomerular capillaries and sit in between the filtration part of the nephron, made up of endothelial cells and the basement membrane (Figure 6) (Churg 2006). Hence, the basement membrane appears split, disrupting renal filtration and therefore resulting in a certain type of GN, known as membranoproliferative GN (Hope et al. 1993). A Normal Glomerular Capillary Proliferation of the mesengial cells leads to invasion between the epithelial cells and the basement membrane, disrupting glomerular filtration and leading to GN. Taken from www.uncnephropathology.org/jennette/ch1.htm The glomerular capillaries are also where proteins from the immune system may be trapped between the basement membrane and the epithelial cells, which accumulate and form humps in the glomerular capillary walls (Churg 2006), resulting in membranous GN (Hope et al. 1993). Specifically in crescentic GN, which is infection related, there is an increase in epithelial cells which compress the glomerulus and causes scars, described as crescent shaped (Malvinder 2008) (Figure 4). However there can be milder forms of GN, with the most common being minimal change GN, caused by the fusion of podocytes (Hope et al. 1993) (Figure 3, iii). When looking at post-infectious GN, we find that it is normally the group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus bacteria which causes infection (Watson and Royle 1987) and brings about acute post-streptococcal GN (APSGN) (Duvuru 2010). The activity of this bacterium is thought to be associated with the accumulation of streptococcal antigens, binding to the immune antibodies, which are then deposited on the glomerulus basement membrane (Field et al. 2010) (Figure 7). APSGN (Arrows show where the antigen-antibody complexes have been deposited.) As the antigen is bound to the antibodies, it prevents the antibodies from inflicting a defence mechanism and leads to modification of the glomerular basement membrane (Field et al. 2010). There are many signs and symptoms associated with GN, which can vary between the different forms of GN, but there are common symptoms that are found in all types. As the glomeruli are obstructed, filtration is reduced and allows for blood to leak into the tubules and therefore this blood passes out into the urine (Watson and Royle 1987). The urine may also be described as cloudy and this is due to proteinuria. This is when excess serum proteins are passed out, in the urine (Nordqvist 2009) due to the impaired filtration mechanism (Field et al. 2010) . This excess serum may also be linked with symptoms of nausea and vomiting, which are also associated with GN (Unanue 2011). The urine may also be described as, haematuria, where red blood cells are lost, triggering anaemia in GN sufferers (Watson and Royle 1987). Another common symptom is swelling, as there is a diversion of accumulating products, which are not filter, to other parts of the body (Hicks 2009). Symptoms related to respira tory problems such, a sore throat or skin rash would be more significant in post-infectious GN due to streptococci bacteria infecting the pharyngeal tissue and the skin (Feldon et al. 2010). Another common symptom is hypertension, caused by salt and water preservation and therefore activation of the renin-angiotensin system (Field et al. 2010) (Figure 8). The Renin-angiotensin (aldosterone) system (RAS) As there is an accumulation of water and salt, the circulating volume also increases and activates RAS. RAS then vasoconstricts blood vessels, causing an increase in blood pressure, which is a symptom of GN. Diagnosis of GN, tends to be via Urinalysis, in order to find the presence of blood and proteins in the urine (Haggerty 2002). Also a blood test can be taken and if there is an accumulation of waste products, such as creatinine or urea-nitrogen then this can indicate GN (Haggerty 2002). The blood can also be checked for anti-streptolysin titre, due to reactions by streptococci bacteria and another indication of GN (Brunner and Suddarth 1990). Otherwise a much simpler swab of the throat could be used to detect the streptococcal infection, which is used widespread (Hicks 2009). A final diagnostic evaluation is by carrying out a renal biopsy in order to view the inflamed glomeruli and accumulation of cells surrounding the glomerular capillaries (Brunner and Suddarth 1990).These tend to be the most common diagnostic procedures but investigations can be made by means of other methods, like in radiology, where a renal ultrasound is used (Hope et al. 1993). Treatments on GN sufferers can range and depends on the type of GN that they suffer from, but the main aim of treatment is to promote kidney function and reduce symptoms of GN (Hicks 2009). By simply getting plenty of rest, until the urine becomes clear and levels of nitrogenous waste products regularize, can encourage the regain of renal function and a reduction of the other symptoms associated with GN (Hope et al. 1993). Another treatment used is by regulating the diet and fluids of the GN sufferer, for example, by placing restrictions on dietary proteins and compensating for fluid loses by drinking plenty of fluids (Hope et al. 1993). It has been predicted that drugs which block the Angiotensin II receptors or ACE inhibitors may be a form of treatment, for reducing the effects of GN, but this is still being investigated (McMillan 2010). As there are different forms of the disease, different drugs may be used to treat each form, for example in GN caused by immune response, corticos teroids or immunosuppressant may be used, but this is not a definite treatment for GN (McMillan 2010). Treatment of vasculitic disorders like Wegeners granulomatosis, can be a form of treatment, which found that plasma exchange can be used to minimise the effects of immune antibodies which lead to the development of GN (Casian 2011). Current novel methods being researched, investigate pathological mechanisms of GN, to possibly produce a drug to reverse this mechanism. One interesting study identified that the voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3 was found in the glomeruli and tubules of rats, with GN (Hyodo et al. 2010).They suggest that Kv1.3 targets and restrain memory T cells, which act like an immune response by recognising foreign bodies (Hyodo et al. 2010). After using a Kv1.3 blocker drug, they found that the rats produced less proteinuria and their glomeruli had less scarring (Hyodo et al. 2010). The study concluded that this Kv1.3 could be the cause of GN and could be a useful finding to potentiate a cure for GN in humans, which is still being investigated (Hyodo et al. 2010). Another study suggested that kidney disease may be linked with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are growth factors that are important in the regulation on kidney function (Suh et al. 2011). As they interact with binding sites found in the epithelial cells, this study investigated whether polymorphism of the gene for BMP, may play a role in GN (Suh et al. 2011). The study concluded that mutations in this gene may cause children to become susceptible to IgA nephropathy, which is currently being investigated and could mean a possible treatment mechanism (Suh et al. 2011). One other study investigated the presence of myleoperoxidase-associated anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) and anti-glomerular basement antibodies (anti-GBM Ab) as a possible cause of the crescent shaped scars in rapid progressive GN (RPGM), but this is also still being investigated (Nakabayashi et al. 2011). To conclude GM, is a diverse renal disease, which can be acute or chronic in terms of its causes and consequences. The disease is still being thoroughly investigated today as no definite treatment has been found. Word count 1.498

Essay on the Deleterious Effects of Pride and Prejudice :: Pride and Prejudice

The Deleterious Effects of Pride and Prejudice   Ã‚   Jane Austen's novel, Pride and Prejudice, illustrates that behavior is innate and, for good or bad, can be influenced by society. Austen further demonstrates that behavior is alterable by focusing on two aspects of behavior; prejudice and pride. The deleterious effects of prejudice and pride and the possibility of reformation are exemplified in a story that focuses on the ideals, ceremonies, and customs of marriage.    Austen's attempts to demonstrate conclusively that the essence of behavior is intrinsic to one's disposition, character, and temperament. She is successful in establishing this by portraying innate qualities in both Elizabeth and Darcy. Elizabeth has a natural sagacity; she is able to examine situations, affairs, and relationships intuitively and with remarkable perspicaciousness. For example, in Chapter four when Elizabeth expresses her discontent with the manners and the seeming character of the Bingley's sisters, Jane defends them but," Elizabeth listened in silence, but was not convinced; their behaviour at the assembly had not been calculated to please in general; and with more quickness of observation and less pliancy of temper than her sister, and with judgment too unassailed by any attention to herself, she was very little disposed to approve them," (Austen 12). Ultimately Elizabeth's suspicions are confirmed when the two Bingley sisters betray Jane's kindness and attempt to unjustly dissuade their brother's affection. Elizabeth's discerning judgement is a product of her congenital sapience.    Austen also highlights in Darcy the fact that behavior is intrinsically determined. Darcy's admirable generosity marks the positive aspect of his nature and is exemplified in several instances throughout the novel. Through a series of events, the reader learns that Darcy voluntarily provided sufficiently for Wickham, contrary to Wickham's slanderous claim. Darcy's generosity and genuine concern for others is again confirmed by his unsolicited aid in disentangling the imprudent affairs of Wickham and Lydia. Austen also indirectly asserts that behavior is subject to outside influence and that any constituent of behavior can be cultivated. For example, Elizabeth realizes Darcy's pride after hearing him respond to Bingley that, "she is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me,"(Austen 9). Elizabeth's prejudice is cultivated by her mother who states that,"...he is a most disagreeable, horrid man, not at all worth pleasing. So high and conceited that there was no enduring him!"(Austen 10). Returning to the situation surrounding Wickham, one sees that Elizabeth's prejudice against Darcy is again fueled by the defamatory remarks Wickham makes towards him.

How to Train Your Pet

Have you ever wondered how the animals you see on TV and in movies are trained to perform such amazing tricks? Many of their trainers use a technique based on the teaching methods developed by behavioral psychologists such as BF Skinner. Skinner studied techniques for reinforcing desired behavior in animals. Animals can be taught many sophisticated tricks using Skinner’s technique. If you want your pet to do a trick, you must understand the technique psychologists call â€Å"shaping.† Shaping means reinforcing, or strengthening behaviors that you want to encourage. Begin by making some decisions. First of all, you need to choose your subject. You can pick any household pet, such as a cat, a dog, a hamster, or a bird. Suppose, for example, that you want to teach your dog a trick. The next thing to do is to choose a reward. Food is usually the easiest reward to use. Keep in mind that in order for food to be an effective reward, your dog has to be hungry. Don’t try to teach him a new trick right after he has eaten a big meal. Also, a reward is most effective when it is given at the same time that the dog performs the desired trick. Since you will not be always able to give the dog food as quickly as you would like to, you will need to develop a â€Å"conditional reinforcer.† You can do this by connecting the food to something else, such as a ringing bell. In this case, the sound of the bell makes is the conditioned reinforcer. You are now ready to begin conditioning the dog to respond to the bell. Get out about 40 small dog biscuits. Toss a few of them to your dog, one at a time, at a rate of about one or two biscuits per minute. As soon as the dog starts eating the biscuits, ring the bell and then throw him another biscuit. Wait about 30 seconds and then repeat the steps. When you ring the bell, do not make any other sounds or movements. Give the food only when the dog is standing in the place where he got the food. When your dog reaches the point where he goes to the food place whenever you ring the bell, you are ready to begin teaching him the trick. At this point, you need to choose the trick you want to teach. An easy trick is teaching your dog to roll over. Shape the dog’s behavior by reinforcing anything that resembles the behavior you are trying to teach. Begin by reinforcing any attempt to lie down. Then reinforce any movement of his body when he is lying down. Every time you reinforce any of his behaviors that resembles rolling over, immediately give him a biscuit and ring the bell. In this way, he will begin to associate the sound of the bell with the trick. Continue reinforcing closer approximations of rolling over with the biscuits and the bell. During the teaching session, do not touch the dog, talk to him, or in any way distract him. A normal dog, according to Skinner, will learn the trick within 5 minutes. As you can see, it is really not difficult to train your pet to do a trick. It is only a matter of little time and some effort. Once you have established a conditioned reinforce, you can easily teach your dog a new trick by shaping his behavior. However, if you want to teach your dog another trick, you must eliminate the first behavior by no longer reinforcing it. Eventually, he will stop rolling over and will be ready to learn something new.

Free Essays on Paperless System

In the past, Vanderbilt University Medical Center has been in the dark ages with regards to the â€Å"paper shuffle.† Patient records, clinical notes, test results, phone messages, physician orders, faxes, and many items were recorded and transmitted by paper. This process was not only costly, but very time consuming. Staff had to spend hours sorting, copying, transporting, filing, and managing records. Physicians had to take time away from patient care in order to complete all the paperwork necessary for continued patient care. In January 2002 staff and doctors within the department of Medicine began using a new system. The E3, electronic by 2003, project allows physicians and staff to process paperwork on a computer network. From office computers and other locations, a patient’s record can be accessed through a web server. All the previously mentioned messages, notes, orders, and etcetera can be processed without paper. E3 also connects and aligns with Vanderbilt’s clinical improvement program in an effort to improve operations throughout the University Medical Center. Dr. Jim Jirjis, assistant professor of Medicine and medical director of the clinic, and Dario Giuse, Ph.D., associate professor of Biomedical Informatics both headed the project. Nancy Lorenzi, Ph.D., professor of Biomedical Informatics and assistant vice chancellor for Health Affairs, was project director for E3. The E3 system is still in the introductory phase of its life cycle. Although the technology is in place, Vanderbilt employs close to 30,000 faculty, staff, and physicians, and residents. At present, all departments have not converted to the new system. The new methods and tools will be integrated into each department. The Adult General Internal Medicine clinic runs with eight attending physicians and seventeen residents. Its entire suite is now processing all patient records electronically. This department will, of course, move ahea... Free Essays on Paperless System Free Essays on Paperless System In the past, Vanderbilt University Medical Center has been in the dark ages with regards to the â€Å"paper shuffle.† Patient records, clinical notes, test results, phone messages, physician orders, faxes, and many items were recorded and transmitted by paper. This process was not only costly, but very time consuming. Staff had to spend hours sorting, copying, transporting, filing, and managing records. Physicians had to take time away from patient care in order to complete all the paperwork necessary for continued patient care. In January 2002 staff and doctors within the department of Medicine began using a new system. The E3, electronic by 2003, project allows physicians and staff to process paperwork on a computer network. From office computers and other locations, a patient’s record can be accessed through a web server. All the previously mentioned messages, notes, orders, and etcetera can be processed without paper. E3 also connects and aligns with Vanderbilt’s clinical improvement program in an effort to improve operations throughout the University Medical Center. Dr. Jim Jirjis, assistant professor of Medicine and medical director of the clinic, and Dario Giuse, Ph.D., associate professor of Biomedical Informatics both headed the project. Nancy Lorenzi, Ph.D., professor of Biomedical Informatics and assistant vice chancellor for Health Affairs, was project director for E3. The E3 system is still in the introductory phase of its life cycle. Although the technology is in place, Vanderbilt employs close to 30,000 faculty, staff, and physicians, and residents. At present, all departments have not converted to the new system. The new methods and tools will be integrated into each department. The Adult General Internal Medicine clinic runs with eight attending physicians and seventeen residents. Its entire suite is now processing all patient records electronically. This department will, of course, move ahea...